Indeed, we know a lot in physics about what time is but almost nothing about the present moment, how it comes to be, why

The traditional interpretation of this, championed by Heisenberg (and erroneously attributed to Niels Bohr), was a phenomenon called wavefunction collapse, in which looking at a quantum particle causes its state to collapse into one. This is called the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum physics.

Contemporary physicists who care about such notions love to knock down Copenhagen, which is little more than a strawman argument (an argument deliberately constructed to be easy to knock down like a straw man). Copenhagen is made stronger by modifying the equations of quantum mechanics, of course, using, for example, something called dynamic reduction equations which deliberately model the collapse. Nevertheless, there are many, many interpretations of quantum physics beyond wavefunction collapse, all with their own adherents.

Weirder still, particles can become entangled, sharing a state even when they are separated by light years so that when one is looked at, it affects the other one’s state.

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The pandemic reinforced how much colleges are an integral part of their communities. We have worked to become better neighbors by collaborating with the state of Vermont to help businesses recover, and with the City of Burlington to provide classes to community members looking to acquire the skills to find new jobs. Our students rose to the occasion as well. Education students created Covid learning kits for the local community; and first-year students conducted a safe-distanced food drive that collected 1,200 pounds of food for Feeding Chittenden and the Champlain College Food Pantry.

One that has caught the attention of the public is the Many Worlds Interpretation (MWI) which says that people as well as quantum particles exist in multiple contradictory states and these states are divided into “worlds” so they can’t perceive one another. The mechanism for such as division is not well understood at all for it seems it would require some kind of special physics at the size of the universe to cause worlds to divide at every quantum observation.

The dynamic histories model, as I have so far presented it, is, in reality, equivalent to the MWI interpretation because in a 5D, Einsteinean universe, everything depends on your point of view. If you move forward in time, you get MWI. If you move in the 5th dimension, you get dynamic histories. It is all part of a single, crystal reality. For general relativity, time is just another dimension. It has no intrinsic nature inherently different from space.

For example, a cosmic particle in a superposition of states strikes a DNA strand in an egg that causes a woman to have a red hair baby in one world and a brown haired one in the other. The sheet of her life splits, never to reform, and copies of her continue on. This is essentially the MWI point of view.

I say dynamic histories as I have presented it because I have not dealt with the problem of the flow of time. Indeed, the problem of the present moment looms large over all of physics, an unanswered question, and to not address it in any theory of history is surely falling short.

⁴ The 2019 paper is full of amazing tidbits like this: ~1.4% of contributors account for ~90% of the edits to OSM. This roughly adheres to something called the 1% rule of online communities which states that, “1% of Internet users are responsible for creating content, while 99% are merely consumers of that content.”

If a classical path is a 1D curve in 4D spacetime, the quantum analog is a 2D surface within a 5D spacetime. One dimension of the surface is time, t, and the other dimension is the 5th dimension representing worlds or, as Richard Feynman liked to call them, histories, h. Thus you have a time dimension along which particles move from past to future, and a history dimension which represents the different possible realities the particle can take on.

⁴ The 2019 paper is full of amazing tidbits like this: ~1.4% of contributors account for ~90% of the edits to OSM. This roughly adheres to something called the 1% rule of online communities which states that, “1% of Internet users are responsible for creating content, while 99% are merely consumers of that content.”

This would be true for human beings as well. If you imagine a person’s center of mass, say, as a point, then that point would occupy a 2D surface, as long as the separate realities were coherent with one another. Thus, your life, rather than a line from your birth to death, is a sheet containing myriad little quantum variations of your life that normally are inconsequential. When something happens that causes a contradiction, that surface that is your life splits apart into two surfaces, like a sheet of fabric torn in the middle. They decohere and go their separate ways.

Nevertheless, one can model MWI in a 5D general relativity (a model of the curved universe with an extra dimension added to the usual three space and one time) with ease. Each world gets its own slice of the 5th dimension and these interact sometimes and other times they don’t (as when worlds split). Instead of point particles following paths as in ordinary, classical physics you have lines, like a front line of soldiers advancing over a field, of many copies of the same point particle. These copies follow many different paths, sometimes bumping into each other, and sometimes avoiding each other completely.

Another perspective appears if you turn the sheet on its side and look at a particle or life evolving in histories rather than time. You then get a dynamic histories interpretation of quantum mechanics. In this interpretation, histories are like long strands of events (called world lines) and they evolve and change in the 5th dimension so that the past is ever changing. Thus, history changes. For example, the world where the woman has a red haired baby suddenly evolves into a world where she has a brown haired one and she is never the wiser because history, the past, has literally changed.

The problem of how to interpret quantum mechanics has been baffling physicists for 100 years. How do you understand the phenomenon where a particle or anything for that matter can be in two states at once? This is the so-called Schroedinger’s cat paradox in which a cat is both dead and alive until you look. Likewise, a quantum particle can be in two or more places at once, seemingly, creating the famous double slit experiment in which a particle appears to interfere with itself.