Next, we download and ingest the data that we will use to build our MARS and linear regression models. (source: https://
Now instead of assigning an area function to every rectangle, you can instead assign all the functions you want for every rectangle to another hash table; let’s call it Rectangle. Then we can set the meta-table for rectangle and every other rectangle object to point to this meta-table. That means when you call rectangle:area(), you actually end up locating area on the meta-table. And voila, we got ourselves an object-oriented system with inheritance and everything.
However, the interaction between metrics in the real-world is often non-linear, which means that linear regression cannot give us a good approximation of outputs given the inputs. This is where MARS comes to the rescue.
If you try to look up an item in a hash table and it doesn’t have that key, it will continue the lookup in its meta-hash table. If that table doesn’t have it, it will ask its meta-hash table, and so on.
Image-based development gives a lot of interesting opportunities. You can, for example, store your image in the middle of a debug session and later reload your IDE and resume from where you left off.
You can use multivariate adaptive regression splines to tackle the same problems that you would use linear regression for, given they both belong to the same group of algorithms. A few examples of such problems would be:
The backward stage, a.k.a. pruning stage, goes through functions one at a time and deletes the ones that add no material performance to the model. This is done by using a generalized cross-validation (GCV) score. Note, GCV score is not actually based on cross-validation and is only an approximation of true cross-validation score, aiming to penalize model complexity.
In LISP, everything is a linked list. In Smalltalk, everything is an object. Lua has its own unique twist on this. In Lua, everything is centered around the hash table as the primary data structure.
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ved as President Obama’s first White House chief of staff, is an alum of the Clinton administration, and is a former congressman, his name rings bells for most these days for his role in burying the truth of the 2014 police shooting of 17-year-old Laquan McDonald. An unarmed Black teen was shot 16 times and Rahm Emanuel helped suppress footage of the killing — footage that exposed police officers’ lies about the shooting — in order to help secure a second term.The result of combining linear hinge functions can be seen in the example below, where black dots are the observations, and the red line is a prediction given by the MARS model:
It is clear from this example that linear regression would fail to give us a meaningful prediction as we would not be able to draw one straight line across the entire set of observations.
Regression itself is part of the supervised Machine Learning category that uses labeled data to model the relationship between data inputs (independent variables) and outputs (dependent variables).
This can be used for many purposes. It gives a way of providing default values when you have not defined a value yet. Lua was originally intended as a configuration language, where you could specify intricate configuration settings.
Note that the py-earth package is only compatible with Python 3.6 or below at the time of writing. If you are using Python 3.7 or above, I suggest you create a virtual environment with Python v.3.6 to install py-earth.
This can form hierarchies. Several hash tables could point to the same meta-hash table. And collections of meta-hash tables could all point to another shared meta-hash table. Thus we can create a hierarchical tree structure.
For example, an array in Lua is just a hash table where the indices are integers. Lua uses hash tables for everything. Namespaces are simply hash tables containing functions, objects, and other hash tables.