Abstrak
In December 2019, the WHO identified causative agent of outbreak as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARSCoV- 2) that causes to a disease the so called coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) after a pneumonia cases with unspecified etiology was reported in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. According to a phylogenetic investigation, the virus is meticulously correlated to bat coronavirus RaTG13. Now, in human, asymptomatic carriers can also transmit the virus. The COVID 19 virus is affecting 213 countries and territories around the world and 2 international conveyances and on May 26, 2020 more than 5,603,558 confirmed cases and 348,194 deaths have been reported. The disease has a manifestation of fever, dry cough, and chest pain with pneumonia in severe cases. Initially, it is tried to eliminate the disease in China via isolation but are now transmitted globally. Yet, there are no vaccines and drugs to treat the virus. As it is a novel virus, there are knowledge gaps that misleads to any preventive actions. Therefore, this review provides current scientific facts about the COVID-19 pandemic.

Impact statement
A novel coronavirus (COVID 19) has spread rapidly through person to person contact, likely respiratory droplets around the world since it was first identified in china as of January 2020.

Introduction
Coronaviruses are enveloped, single-strand RNA viruses that can infect a wide range of hosts including avian, wild, domestic mammalian species, and humans. Coronaviruses are well known for their ability to mutate rapidly, alter tissue tropism, cross the species barrier, and adapt to different epidemiological situations [1]. Six human coronaviruses have been reported since the 1960s; four of them (OC43, 229E, NL63, and HKU1) cause mild illness similar to the common cold and gastrointestinal tract infection. The other two, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERSCoV), have raised significant public health concerns due to their zoonotic emergence and crossing of the species barrier, causing high pathogenicity and mortality in humans [2]. SARS- and MERS-CoVs were reported to be transmitted from the main host (bats) to palm civets or dromedary camels, respectively, then finally to humans [3–5]. Both SARS- and MERS-CoVs were and are highly pathogenic, resulting in 8096 and 2519 human cases, with 9.6% and 34.3% fatality rate in 2003–2004 and 2012–present, respectively [6,7].

Pneumonia cases of unknown causes were reported in Wuhan city, Hubei province, China, in December 2019. The causative agent of this pneumonia was confirmed as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), previously named 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), and the diseases was termed coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) [8,9]. Based on phylogenetic analysis, SARSCoV- 2 forms a distinct lineage with Bat- SARS-like coronaviruses that belong to the order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae, genus Betacoronavirus, and subgenus Sarbecovirus [9]. SARS-CoV-2 shares 96.3%, 89%, and 82% nucleotide similarity with bat CoV RaTG13, SARS-like CoV ZXC21, and SARSCoV, respectively, which confirms its zoonotic origin [10, 11]. At the beginning of the outbreak, scientists thought that the disease was initially only transmitted from animals to humans, and then only between people who are symptomatic, until the first human-to-human transmission case from an asymptomatic carrier was documented in Germany [10, 12,13]. This is also now evidenced by cases of community spread in which no direct links between current patients and suspected COVID-19 carriers can be made. As of May 26, 2020, the virus affects 213 countries and territories around the world and 2 international conveyances and more than 5,603,558 confirmed cases and 348,194 deaths. SARS-CoV-2 is reported to be transmitted between humans through direct contact, aerosol droplets, fecal–oral route, and intermediate fomites from both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients during the incubation period [9, 14]. The disease is characterized by fever, dry cough, dyspnea, and diarrhea in 20–25% of patients who do not exhibit upper respiratory signs such as sneezing or sore throat [8, 13]. In severe cases, the disease is characterized by pneumonia, metabolic acidosis, septic shock, and bleeding [14, 15].

Langkah-langkah pengendalian sedang dilembagakan oleh negara-negara di seluruh dunia untuk memadamkan pandemi SARSCoV-2, termasuk penerbitan peringatan perjalanan atau bahkan larangan penerbangan ke dan dari negara-negara yang terinfeksi, tindakan karantina yang ketat dan pemeriksaan wisatawan, penerapan langkah-langkah mitigasi oleh spesialis perawatan kesehatan, penerapan langkah-langkah jarak sosial untuk sekolah dan pertemuan populer, kebersihan pribadi yang ketat seperti sering mencuci tangan, dan memakai masker wajah [16]. Saat ini, otoritas kesehatan masyarakat dunia seperti Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), World Health Organization (WHO), dan mitra global lainnya sedang berusaha mengendalikan dan mencegah penyebaran SARS-CoV-2. Selain itu, WHO mengeluarkan panduan untuk mengelola pandemi baru-baru ini termasuk instruksi untuk deteksi cepat penyakit, perawatan darurat, dan penerapan strategi pencegahan dan pengendalian, terapi suportif, dan pencegahan komplikasi penyakit [15]. Karena informasi menyesatkan yang beredar dan kesenjangan pengetahuan tentang SARS-CoV-2 yang baru muncul. Ulasan ini memberikan wawasan untuk pengendalian infeksi patogen pada manusia dengan coronavirus baru dan limpahan di masa depan.

Genom SARS-CoV-2

Sejak Desember 2019, di China, kemunculan SARS-CoV-2 di berbagai laboratorium telah bekerja untuk mengurutkan genom agen etiologi. Per 26 April 2020, terdapat total 7.655 genom lengkap dari 67 negara dalam database Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID). Sebuah genom referensi sekarang tersedia dalam database genom NCBI (29.903 nukleotida, Urutan Referensi: NC_045512.3) [18]. Sampai saat ini, ada total 875 sekuens termasuk satu sekuens RefSeq dan 768 genom lengkap di NCBI.

SARS-CoV-2 adalah virus RNA untai tunggal dan positif dengan ukuran genom 29.903 nukleotida, menjadikannya genom RNA terbesar kedua yang diketahui. Genom virus terdiri dari dua daerah yang tidak diterjemahkan pada ujung 5' dan 3' dan 11 kerangka baca terbuka yang mengkode 27 protein.

Kerangka baca terbuka pertama merupakan sekitar dua pertiga dari genom virus, mengkode 16 protein non-struktural, sedangkan sepertiga sisanya mengkodekan 4 protein struktural dan setidaknya 6 protein aksesori. Protein struktural tersebut adalah spike glikoprotein (S), protein matriks (M), protein envelope (E), dan protein nukleokapsid (NP). Sedangkan protein aksesori berupa kerangka baca terbuka (3a, 6, 7a, 7b, 8, dan 10) [2, 13, 19, 20].

Mutasi SARS-CoV-2

Mengenai penyelarasan urutan seluruh genom, SARS-CoV-2 berbagi 89% identitas dengan CoVZXC mirip-SARS kelelawar, 21,82% dengan SARS-CoV, dan 96,3% dengan CoVRaTG13 kelelawar [11,13]. Penyelarasan urutan protein yang diprediksi dari SARS-CoV-2 dengan SARS-CoV atau coronavirus mirip SARS mengungkapkan total 380 substitusi asam amino di antara virus-virus ini [2]. Substitusi asam amino ini didistribusikan sebagai berikut: 348 mutasi pada protein nonstruktural (Open region frame1ab, 3a, 3b, 7a, 7b, 9b, dan 14), 27 pada spike glikoprotein, dan 5 pada protein nukleokapsid. Tidak ada substitusi asam amino yang terdeteksi dalam protein amplop atau protein matriks, menandakan bahwa protein amplop dan matriks sangat terkonservasi di antara virus-virus ini. SARS-CoV-2 menggunakan reseptor seluler yang sama, hACE2, seperti SARS-CoV untuk memasuki sel [9, 21, 22].

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