As my knowledge in machine learning grows, so does the number of machine learning algorithms! This article will cover ma

One of Ben’s favorite books is Viktor Frankl’s Man’s Search for Meaning. Frankl was a psychiatrist who survived a concentration camp during Holocaust. In the book, he documents how prisoners find meaning and purpose even in the most inhumane conditions.

Linear Regression is one of the most fundamental algorithms used to model relationships between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In simpler terms, it involves finding the ‘line of best fit’ that represents two or more variables.

The JARM fingerprint hash is a hybrid fuzzy hash, it uses the combination of a reversible and non-reversible hash algorithm to produce a 62 character fingerprint. The first 30 characters are made up of the cipher and TLS version chosen by the server for each of the 10 client hello’s sent. A “000” denotes that the server refused to negotiate with that client hello. The remaining 32 characters are a truncated SHA256 hash of the cumulative extensions sent by the server, ignoring x509 certificate data. When comparing JARM fingerprints, if the first 30 characters are the same but the last 32 are different, this would mean that the servers have very similar configurations, accepting the same versions and ciphers, though not exactly the same given the extensions are different.

With little to no overlap of the Alexa Top 1M Websites, it should be extremely unlikely for a host within an organization to connect to a server with these JARM fingerprints. We wanted to dive further, so our friends at SecurityTrails scanned the entire Internet, billions of IPs, over port 443 with JARM and found the following:

“When things get tough and dark — which is frequent when you’re an entrepreneur — I remember something that I realized growing up in Upson, Georgia. It’s something that I said to a bunch of friends when we were lost roaming around in the woods. I said ‘guys, no one’s coming.’ [laughs] That doesn’t sound very positive or anything, I’m sorry, but it’s something you have to realize: no one’s coming! It’s up to us! When you’re an entrepreneur, no one’s really gonna come to help you. It’s up to you to figure out what you have to do to get out of the mess. But if you do get out of the mess, you will have a lot of people joining you. […] I say it to myself all the time.”

Ben’s motto is love what you do vs. the traditional do what you love. He says that eventually all passions fade away if you turn them into profession, and the only way to keep your sense of purpose is by learning to appreciate the craft you’re good at.

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known as white space, is a learned skill in design. New designers might be intimidated by the blank page but design isn’t about filling space with as much information and graphics as possible. Instead, use typography, images, and negative space with purpose to direct a user’s attention and create a seamless experience.

Keep in mind that I’ll be elaborating on some algorithms more than others simply because this article would be as long as a book if I thoroughly explained every algorithm! I’m also going to try to minimize the amount of math in this article because I know it can be pretty daunting for those who aren’t mathematically savvy. Instead, I’ll try to give a concise summary of each and point out some of the key features.

Ben confirmed he’s rejected a billion-dollar acquisition offer from an unspecified company. In his defense, he says that “a billion dollars isn’t that much more than a few hundred million.”

It is important to note that JARM is a high-performance fingerprint function and should not be considered, or confused with, a secure crypto function. We designed the JARM fingerprint to be human consumable as much as machine consumable. This means it is small enough to eyeball, share, and tweet with enough room for contextual details.

The 10 TLS Client Hello packets in JARM have been specially crafted to pull out unique responses in TLS servers. JARM sends different TLS versions, ciphers, and extensions in varying orders to gather unique responses. Does the server support TLS 1.3? Will it negotiate TLS 1.3 with 1.2 ciphers? If we order ciphers from weakest to strongest, which cipher will it pick? These are the types of unusual questions JARM is essentially asking the server to draw out the most unique responses. The 10 responses are then hashed to produce the JARM fingerprint.

The low-profile co-founder, Dan Kurzius, does regular anonymous visits to the small businesses that use MailChimp — from yoga studios to warehouses. This way, the company gets invaluable feedback — like the fact that many businesses use MailChimp as a CRM and not an email tool. It does make things a little weird when the biggest critics later learn they’ve been talking to the co-founder at MailChimp events.

When taking a closer look at Cobalt Strike, a common offensive security tool used by red teams and threat actors alike, we found obvious indicators that most of the results were indeed Cobalt Strike, with server names including things like “redteam.server” “cobaltstrike” “totslegit,” as well as some of them having the default Cobalt Strike management port of 50050 open with the same JARM fingerprint. We believe that this scan found most, if not all, Cobalt Strike C2’s listening on the Internet on port 443 at the time of scan.

Ben’s first hire and (supposedly technical) co-founder, Dan Kurzius, lied about knowing how to code on his interview. After he got the job, he put together the prototype for MailChimp using “HTML for Dummies” books. Dan tried so hard he actually produced (or stole) clean, functional code which amazed Ben. Only 10 years later did the co-founder tell Ben about his improvisation.

Malware command and control (C2) and malicious servers are configured by their creators like any other server and then deployed across their fleet. These therefore tend to produce unique JARM fingerprints. For example, when scanning Trickbot Malware C2s from a list compiled by abuse.ch, 80% of the live IPs on the list produced the same JARM fingerprint. When comparing this JARM fingerprint against the Alexa Top 1 Million websites, there was no overlap.