By placing export in front of it, we make it accessible to C code we are linking in with our program. In fact our main f

In Zig *Node would mean a pointer to an object of type Node just like in C/C . However since Zig does not allow pointers to be null unless you explicitly allow it, you must add a ? to indicate the pointer can be null.

What attracts a lot of people to C programming in the first place is minimalism. This is what Go got right and made it a joy to program. You could easily keep the whole program in your head.

Now if you start reading up on Zig and looking at the source code examples I gave you here it may look complex. There are language constructs that may look odd. One can easily get the impression that it is a complex language.

E.g. something akin to templates is create in Julia by utilizing the ability to run code at compile time. Loris Cro has a good article describing this in more detail. I will just use an example from that article to give a quick into to the idea.

Node itself is set as a field of the surrounding anonymous struct. However since it is defined as a const it only exists at compilation time. If you inspected the memory of the LinkedList struct at runtime, you would find no area corresponding to Node.

Let me use one of Loris Cro’s examples to explain better. First he creates a linked list holding points, and assigns it to a variable only existing at compilation time called PointList:

This means you could easily start translating parts of a larger C program to Zig and keep compiling it. That is a very powerful feature when porting a program. What made it really easy for me to port from Objective-C to Swift in the past is that I could replace one single Objective-C method at a time with a Swift version, compile and see that everything still worked.

We can define e.g. a function called LinkedList which can only be called at compile time, which takes a type for the elements in the linked list, and returns a linked list type holding these elements:

There are a number of Zig specific features at play here which need some explanation. In Zig you can assign values to members of structs when the struct is defined. The members can be fields existing at compile time or runtime. prev: ?*Node = null is an example of a struct field which exists at compile time but which gets a default value of null. What about the crazy ?* prefix then?

Also keep in mind that while you can use types as any other object at compilation time, they don’t exist at runtime in Zig. So basically what we are doing here is creating a struct with nested types.

Of course this code will not be optimal and likely a bit messy. But it is kind of like using Google translate to do a natural language translation. It is a good starting position that saves you a lot of manual labour. You can fix up the details manually yourself later.

fn LinkedList(comptime T: type) type { return struct { pub const Node = struct { prev: ?*Node = null, next: ?*Node = null, data: T, }; first: ?*Node = null, last: ?*Node = null, len: usize = 0, }; }

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orithms leapt forward in capability in 2014, with the creation of generative adversarial networks, or GANs. The idea, which A.I. researcher Ian Goodfellow originally thought up during an argument at a bar, was to pit algorithms against each other to generate the best outcome. To generate an image, you would have a “generator” and a “discriminator.” The generator would make images, and the discriminator would try to determine if it was real or fake, based on real images it had been trained on. Only the most realistic images would be accepted by the discriminator, ensuring that the final result was the cream of the A.I.-generated crop.

While Zig has not keywords for classes, or interfaces like object-oriented languages we can still build our own runtime polymorphism system akin to how C-programmers have already done so for years.

You simply define a struct with function pointers. In the Unix kernel you see something similar done to allow a generic treatment of any file descriptor whether they are a file, socket or pipe.