development of multivalent vaccines or possibly universal coronavirus vaccines. This will be the new research moving f

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Publish Date : 2021-01-09 15:55:04

development of multivalent vaccines or possibly universal coronavirus vaccines. This will be the new research moving f

There is evidence, for instance, that because of the genetic similarity between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, antibodies generated from SARS vaccines or SARS-2 vaccines can cross neutralize both viruses,” Bottazzi said. “This provides initial evidence for the development of multivalent vaccines or possibly universal coronavirus vaccines. This will be the new research moving forward.”

Q: Will the mRNA vaccine change my DNA?

When people hear that the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines contain a gene, some worry the vaccine could alter their genome, but your own personal DNA is wholly contained within the nucleus of each of your cells, Offit explained. And that nucleus is locked down pretty tight. “It’s virtually impossible for the messenger RNA to get into the nucleus,” he said. The mRNA only travels through the cytoplasm of the cell — the other material that surrounds the nucleus — to get to the ribosomes, the protein factories of cells. “People think they’re going to be genetically altered,” but that’s not the case, Offit said.

Q: Why do some vaccines need refrigeration and others don’t?

Vaccines must be stored at whatever temperature range keeps the ingredients stable enough to ensure the vaccine remains safe and effective. Companies subject their vaccines to stress testing at different temperatures over long periods of time to determine the vaccine’s tolerance at different temperatures and its shelf life.

The Pfizer vaccine must be kept at the extremely low temperature of -70º C (-94º F), which is literally colder than Antarctica and substantially colder than typical freezers. The Moderna vaccine only requires storage at -20º C (-4º F), which is similar to most household freezers. It’s not possible for the public to know why these two mRNA vaccines require such different temperatures because the companies keep secret the exact specifications of the manufacturing process (to protect their intellectual property). But we do know why mRNA vaccines need refrigeration in general: to prevent the mRNA from breaking down.

Messenger RNA is only a tiny snippet of genetic code designed to last just long enough to deliver protein-building instructions to the ribosomes, or protein factories, of a cell. If it were injected by itself, it wouldn’t make it very far before enzymes in the body destroyed it, as vaccine researcher Margaret Liu described it to NPR, similar to how chocolate starts melting in your hand. So vaccine manufacturers modify it to keep it stable longer and surround it with a protective coating of lipid nanoparticles, like the candy coating on M&Ms, Liu said, so they don’t melt as quickly. This protects the mRNA long enough to make it into cells so it can deliver its message to the ribosomes.

It’s possible Pfizer will discover through more temperature stress-testing that the vaccine can withstand higher temperatures, but until they do, the vaccines must remain at the temperatures that Pfizer knows are best for their formulation.

Right now, Pfizer’s vaccine lasts up to six months in a -70º C specialized freezer (though that could become longer as Pfizer tests samples that it stores longer). Pfizer has designed special dry-ice packed crates that will keep the vaccines at those super-freezing temperatures in transit for up to 15 days. Once thawed, the vaccine can be stored up to five days in a refrigerator. Moderna’s vaccine similarly lasts up to six months at -20º C but can last in a fridge up to 30 days or at room temperature up to 12 hours.

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