getting one dose of a Pfizer vaccine and then a dose of the Moderna vaccine, for example.

Author : greensameblue

Publish Date : 2021-01-09 16:12:09

getting one dose of a Pfizer vaccine and then a dose of the Moderna vaccine, for example.

The best way to head off that kind of resistance and hesitancy is to mount a nationwide, clear, transparent vaccine communication and education campaign, Omer argues. “Operation Warp Speed is $10 billion. The funding for promoting that is zero,” he said. “We need a promotion budget of the same magnitude of the campaign.”

All vaccines work on the same basic principle: They introduce a substance into the body that resembles a pathogen (virus or bacteria) and therefore causes the immune system to mount a defense against the intruder. That substance has historically been a weakened or killed version of the pathogen or an antigen. An antigen is a piece of the pathogen that the immune system recognizes as foreign, such as the spike protein on the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus that causes Covid-19. The immune system begins defending the body by producing antibodies, proteins that attach to the intruder. Those antibodies are both an identifier of infected cells and a signal that triggers the immune system to begin producing the cells needed to destroy the intruder.

Until now, U.S. vaccines for pre-Covid diseases have been one of four basic types (though these can be further broken down into more precise categories). But only one of the five front-runners for Covid-19 falls in those categories: The Novavax vaccine is a protein subunit vaccine, like the existing pertussis (whooping cough) and flu vaccines; it contains only the spike protein.

Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech developed messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines, and they’re the first of their kind to be submitted for FDA approval. Instead of introducing the antigen itself to the body, these vaccines contain the genetic instructions (mRNA) for making the antigen. The mRNA enters the body’s cells, which then follow the instructions to produce spike protein. Once the cells release the spike protein, the immune system recognizes them as foreign, just as if the spike protein itself had been injected. (Though these are the first mRNA vaccines to be submitted for approval, researchers have been working on them, for other diseases, for more than a decade.)

Oxford/AstraZeneca and Janssen developed nonreplicating viral vector vaccines, another new vaccine type that hasn’t been approved for pre-Covid diseases, but it’s a bit like a cross between mRNA vaccines and subunit vaccines. The process involves adding a gene to a harmless “vector” virus — one that might normally cause a cold but has been genetically modified not to cause any disease. The gene carries instructions for making the spike protein. Once in the body, the harmless virus replicates in cells and produces the spike protein, which kicks the immune system in gear.

Q: How many doses will people need?

The Moderna and Pfizer vaccines require two doses, three weeks apart for Pfizer and a month apart for Moderna. The AstraZeneca vaccine also requires two doses, but the puzzling efficacy data makes it hard to know if the final application to the CDC will require two full doses or a half-dose and full dose. It’s not clear yet if the Janssen vaccine will involve one or two doses. The Novavax vaccine is testing two doses in its phase 3 trials.

Q: What if I don’t come back for the second dose of the vaccine?

Both the Pfizer and the Moderna vaccines require two doses, though some of the other vaccines may require only one dose. If people don’t return for the second dose, the vaccine won’t be as effective, Hamburg said.

“If you’re getting a vaccine that requires two doses, that’s because you need that second dose, you need that boost in order to mount the level of immune response that vaccine can provide, and that second dose really does make a difference,” she said.

Q: Can I get my first dose of one vaccine and my second dose of a different vaccine?

The FDA only approves vaccines to be given according to how they were tested in clinical trials, which then determines how the CDC will recommend they are administered. Right now, the vaccines have only been tested singularly. No study has looked at getting one dose of a Pfizer vaccine and then a dose of the Moderna vaccine, for example. Therefore, people should only get a second dose of the same vaccine they received for the first dose. Later research might find that mixing and matching is safe and effective, as researchers eventually determined with two different types of rotavirus vaccines for children. But until those studies have been done, stick with the same one.

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