In this interpretation, each world has a past but no future. They all abruptly stop at the present moment and the univer

For example, a cosmic particle in a superposition of states strikes a DNA strand in an egg that causes a woman to have a red hair baby in one world and a brown haired one in the other. The sheet of her life splits, never to reform, and copies of her continue on. This is essentially the MWI point of view.

Another perspective appears if you turn the sheet on its side and look at a particle or life evolving in histories rather than time. You then get a dynamic histories interpretation of quantum mechanics. In this interpretation, histories are like long strands of events (called world lines) and they evolve and change in the 5th dimension so that the past is ever changing. Thus, history changes. For example, the world where the woman has a red haired baby suddenly evolves into a world where she has a brown haired one and she is never the wiser because history, the past, has literally changed.

Einstein would have time as a railroad, with the engine of the universe driving us to some unknown destination, completely outside our own control. Yet, experience seems to suggest time is a flow of the universe in which we participate.

Nevertheless, one can model MWI in a 5D general relativity (a model of the curved universe with an extra dimension added to the usual three space and one time) with ease. Each world gets its own slice of the 5th dimension and these interact sometimes and other times they don’t (as when worlds split). Instead of point particles following paths as in ordinary, classical physics you have lines, like a front line of soldiers advancing over a field, of many copies of the same point particle. These copies follow many different paths, sometimes bumping into each other, and sometimes avoiding each other completely.

Imagine the present moment as a wavefront (like that of a huge explosion) an expansion of time itself, but, if time is expanding, it must be expanding into something else. If we attribute that something else as a 5th dimension, it is not merely a dimension but also a marker of the present moment. That is, we in the present live on the expanding three dimensional surface of the present of a four dimensional surface of history in a five dimensional universe.

I say dynamic histories as I have presented it because I have not dealt with the problem of the flow of time. Indeed, the problem of the present moment looms large over all of physics, an unanswered question, and to not address it in any theory of history is surely falling short.

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Indeed, we know a lot in physics about what time is but almost nothing about the present moment, how it comes to be, why it appears to change, are we changing or just moving through time?

If a classical path is a 1D curve in 4D spacetime, the quantum analog is a 2D surface within a 5D spacetime. One dimension of the surface is time, t, and the other dimension is the 5th dimension representing worlds or, as Richard Feynman liked to call them, histories, h. Thus you have a time dimension along which particles move from past to future, and a history dimension which represents the different possible realities the particle can take on.

One that has caught the attention of the public is the Many Worlds Interpretation (MWI) which says that people as well as quantum particles exist in multiple contradictory states and these states are divided into “worlds” so they can’t perceive one another. The mechanism for such as division is not well understood at all for it seems it would require some kind of special physics at the size of the universe to cause worlds to divide at every quantum observation.

The dynamic histories model, as I have so far presented it, is, in reality, equivalent to the MWI interpretation because in a 5D, Einsteinean universe, everything depends on your point of view. If you move forward in time, you get MWI. If you move in the 5th dimension, you get dynamic histories. It is all part of a single, crystal reality. For general relativity, time is just another dimension. It has no intrinsic nature inherently different from space.

To see why, imagine now that, instead of particles sweeping out a 2D sheet of time and worlds, each “world” represents a different present moment. Particles flow from moment to moment and world to world riding the expansion of the temporal wavefront. As the present moment changes, history underlying the present can also change randomly as each present moment represents a different world with a different history.

In a 4D universe governed by Einstein’s and Schroedinger’s equations for gravity and quantum mechanics both ideas cannot be correct. Yet seemingly they are. Time is a road and a flow.

Contemporary physicists who care about such notions love to knock down Copenhagen, which is little more than a strawman argument (an argument deliberately constructed to be easy to knock down like a straw man). Copenhagen is made stronger by modifying the equations of quantum mechanics, of course, using, for example, something called dynamic reduction equations which deliberately model the collapse. Nevertheless, there are many, many interpretations of quantum physics beyond wavefunction collapse, all with their own adherents.

This would be true for human beings as well. If you imagine a person’s center of mass, say, as a point, then that point would occupy a 2D surface, as long as the separate realities were coherent with one another. Thus, your life, rather than a line from your birth to death, is a sheet containing myriad little quantum variations of your life that normally are inconsequential. When something happens that causes a contradiction, that surface that is your life splits apart into two surfaces, like a sheet of fabric torn in the middle. They decohere and go their separate ways.