Inheritance is this cute little thing where we can take properties of one class and transfer it to others. But what if y

The more you use inheritance, the more maintenance you potentially have to do. So even though reusing code seems very efficient in the short term, it can get costly in the long run.

Except for the fact that this class may actually be a subclass of another class, so now you need to include the parent class too. Then you realize that the parent class depends on other classes as well, and you end up including heaps of code.

The main idea behind object-oriented programming is as simple as can be: you try to break a program in parts that are as powerful as the whole. It follows that you couple pieces of data and those functions that only get used on the data in question.

By encapsulating data and methods, object-oriented programming made software development more human-centered. It matches human intuition that the method drive() belongs to the data group car, but not to the group teddybear.

Once object-oriented programming hit the masses, it transformed the way developers see code. What prevailed before the 1980s, procedural programming, was very machine-oriented. Developers needed to know quite a bit about how computers work to write good code.

It’s worth mentioning that inheritance and polymorphism aren’t exclusive to object-oriented programming. The real differentiator is encapsulating pieces of data and the methods that belong to them. In a time where compute resources were a lot scarcer than today, this was a genius idea.

What is not contained in the initial idea, but is considered essential to object-oriented programming today, are inheritance and polymorphism. Inheritance basically means that developers can define subclasses that have all the properties that their parent class has. This wasn’t introduced to object-oriented programming until 1976, a decade after its conception.

Imagine you’re setting up a new program, and you’re thinking about designing a new class. Then you think back to a neat little class that you’ve created for another project, and you realize that it would be perfect for what you’re currently trying to do.

The problem with object-oriented languages is they’ve got all this implicit environment that they carry around with them. You wanted a banana but what you got was a gorilla holding the banana and the entire jungle.

This sounds like a powerful machinery. The problem, however, is that programmers who only know object-oriented code will force this way of thinking on everything they do. It’s like when people see nails everywhere because all they have is a hammer. As we will see below, when your toolbox contains only a hammer, that can lead to fatal problems.

Note that this only covers the notion of encapsulation, that is, data and functions that sit inside an object are invisible to the outside. One can only interact with the contents of an object through messages, typically called getter and setter functions.

Polymorphism came to object-oriented programming another decade later. In basic terms, it means that a method or an object can serve as a template for others. In a sense it’s a generalization of inheritance, because not all properties of the original method or object need to be transmitted to the new entity; instead, you can choose to override properties.

It can corrupt your entire code. You might not even have touched it. But one day your project works like a charm, the next day it doesn’t because somebody changed a minor detail in the base class that ends up being crucial for your project.

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ny stories. A great place to start, to see these stories unfold, is checking for correlations between the variables. One of the first tasks I perform when exploring a dataset to see which variables have correlations. This gives me a better understanding of the data I’m working with. It’s also a great way to develop an interest in the data and establish some initial questions to try to answer. Simply put, correlations are awesome.

What’s special about polymorphism is that even if two entities depend on each other in the source code, a called entity works more like a plugin. This makes life easier for developers because they don’t have to worry about dependencies at runtime.