Let’s talk about the “problem with Java.” It has a reputation for being slow, which is probably not justified any more b

It compiles into a native statically-linked binary — no virtual machine layer — the binary has everything you need to run the program, which is great for “FROM scratch” containers.

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ivation to do a dreaded task is a common struggle that most people can relate to experiencing. In the case of doing laundry, I end up finding the motivation to do it when I realize that I would not have any clean clothes to wear. Even though the task of doing laundry is tedious, wearing dirty clothes was less appealing to me.

Oracle Labs have developed a new Java Virtual Machine called GraalVM which is written in Java and has a new compiler and some exciting new features like the ability to convert Java byte code into a native image that can be run without a Java VM.

Go was created by Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike and Ken Thomson at Google. Between them they made major contributions to UNIX, B, C, Plan9, UNIX windowing system, and more.) It is open source, had its 1.0 release in 2012 and had its 1.15 release in 2020. It is growing fast both in terms of adoption and the language and tooling ecosystem itself.

In many of the tests we ran JMeter on the same machine as the application under test. There did not seem to be any interference or difference in results if we ran JMeter on a different machine, so this simplified the setup. When we later deployed the applications into Kubernetes, JMeter was running on a remote machine, outside the cluster.

The tools ecosystem is immature, especially dependency management — there were several options, none of them were perfect, especially for non-open source development; now there is a clear “winner” (Go modules) but not everyone has adopted it, so there are still compatibility challenges.

In the first round, we ran the test on a “small” machine, in this case a 2.5GHz dual-core Intel Core i7 laptop with 16GB of RAM running macOS. We ran 100 threads with 10,000 loops per thread and a 10 second ramp up time. Java applications ran on JDK 11 and Helidon 2.0.1. Go applications compiled with Go 1.13.3.

Go is a statically-typed, compiled language. Its syntax is C-like. It has memory safety, garbage collection, structural typing, and CSP-style concurrency (communicating sequential processes). It has lightweight processes called goroutines (these are not OS threads), channels for communicating between them (typed, FIFO). The language does not provide race condition protection.

There are not many knobs to tune execution or garbage collection, profile execution or optimization algorithms — Java has hundreds of garbage collection tuning options, Go has one — on or off.

You often end up implementing some basic algorithm since it is just no available yet. Recently I wrote code that walked through two strings (lists) slot by sloe doing comparisons and transformations. In a functional language I could have used built-ins like map to do that.

Logging seems to be a major performance hit, especially java.util.logging. Because of this, we ran tests with and without logging. We also noticed that logging was a significant factor in the performance of the Go applications.

Java has had a number of different garbage collection algorithms over the years, including serial, parallel, concurrent mark/sweep, G1 and the new ZGC garbage collector. Modern garbage collectors aim to minimize the duration of garbage collection “stop the world” pauses.

This executable includes the application classes, classes from its dependencies, runtime library classes, and statically linked native code from JDK. It does not run on the Java VM, but includes necessary components like memory management, thread scheduling, and so on from a different runtime system, called “Substrate VM”. Substrate VM is the name for the runtime components (like the deoptimizer, garbage collector, thread scheduling etc.).

We are comparing different execution models in this test — the Go application was compiled into a natively executable binary whereas the Java application was compiled into byte code that was then run on a virtual machine. We decided to introduce GraalVM native image so bring the Java application’s execution environment much closer to the Go application’s environment.

We used JMeter to run our load tests. The tests call the services many times and collect data about response time, throughput (transactions per second) and memory usage. For Go we collect the resident set size and for Java we tracked native memory.