Like many of the thousands of people who embraced direct digital giving this year, Heubusch never really thought about V

But the ethics of alleged cons and “fakers” become messier when they appear to exploit both potential donors and other disadvantaged communities. Robinson, the aspiring esthetician who curates aid requests on Twitter, said she became demoralized by the number of people who she believes masquerade as Black women in order to score Venmo donations.

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er about the rides. To my knowledge, they had taken place during a short period of time when I had moved out of the house where I lived with my husband. My name was both on the mortgage and on the checks I used to pay the monthly payment.

“It’s made me more realistic and more protective of the spaces I try to curate for Black people,” Robinson said. “It’s just made me more wary of the internet in general, I guess. A lot of people have ill intent.”

In this uncertain, unmediated space, scammers have proliferated. Any tweet mentioning Venmo or Cash App donations prompts a torrent of suspect direct messages. In one common hustle, a would-be donor promises his mark a huge amount of money, but first requests $50 or $100 to cover unspecified transfer costs. In October, the New York Times reported that reviews mentioning the words “fraud” or “scam” spiked for several payment apps this year, including Venmo, Cash App, and PayPal. (Representatives for the three companies did not respond to emails seeking comment.)

While scams may attract the most attention, direct giving’s most gaping and inarguable shortfall is that it doesn’t reach everyone who needs it. While the same could be argued for formal charities, said Alan Abramson, the founding director of the Center for Nonprofit Management, Philanthropy and Policy at George Mason University, nonprofits don’t require that their clients possess a payment app account, an internet connection, and a social media presence sufficient to command strangers’ attention and donations.

Those groups include Heubusch’s Buffalo Mutual Aid Network, which partnered with a local nonprofit in the spring and is now considering incorporation as a membership cooperative. They also, perhaps unsurprisingly, include Jake — the wealthy Philadelphia man who sent thousands of dollars to strangers over the summer.

“Does anyone actually ever send money?” Asked Robert Kent, a 32-year-old single dad in Warren, Rhode Island, in an interview with OneZero. Kent tweeted in vain for help paying his rent after his company cut hours in April. He says he received no donations in response to his pleas.

“At the moment I was so desperate, I thought — it can’t hurt. Maybe someone will be kind,” he added. “But I’ve done it twice now, and I don’t know if I’m going to do it anymore after this.”

It’s too early to know, philanthropy researchers and advocates say, how the trend toward direct donations — or the pitfalls of this type of giving — will play out long-term. Part of that uncertainty lies with payment apps, Stanford’s Bernholz said: She advocates for new partnerships — or, barring that, new data transparency regulation — to reveal how much of Americans’ giving shifted to peer-to-peer platforms.

Since then, Jake said, he’s come to regret his Cash App spree — not the actual donations, but his own impulsiveness. Did “throwing money around” make a difference in anyone’s life, or did it just make him feel better for growing up rich? What if he sent money to someone who used it to hurt someone else? What if he overlooked someone who needed it?

But the project faced challenges, Heubusch said. Donors frequently didn’t “get” it: Who were they sending money to? How were these people vetted? Prospective recipients, on the other hand, sometimes didn’t live in the Buffalo area or spammed the form with multiple, simultaneous requests. Organizers had hoped to keep donations peer-to-peer, in part to foster a sense of solidarity and egalitarianism. But after a few months, Heubusch stopped fighting the tide and opened a parallel GoFundMe account, which he redistributed to the individuals who had applied through the Google Form for help.

Among other issues, policymakers and nonprofit leaders want to know whether direct giving replaces donations to conventional charities, or whether the pie has just grown. If the former, said Davies, of the Charities Aid Foundation, some charities will need to adapt their governance structures, messaging, and operations to better fit both current preferences for direct giving and broader criticism of the charitable sector. Already, one recent survey found, 70% of U.S. human services charities cut programs this year in anticipation of donation shortfalls.

“If traditional nonprofits put their heads in the sand and refuse to engage with direct giving and the motivations behind it, it will probably develop into a threat,” Davies said. But on the very local level, in particular, he added, small, grassroots groups are already blurring the boundaries between mutual aid collectives, social movements, digital giving networks, and formal, nonprofit organizations.

As recently as June, economists at the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City estimated that 17% of U.S. households did not have ready access to digital payment apps. Meanwhile, studies of GoFundMe health care campaigns suggest that as many as nine in 10 never meet their funding goals, thanks in part to the high levels of “medical and media literacies” that successful crowdfunding demands. Direct giving also requires that those in need articulate some compelling, heartstring-pulling story, essentially proving their “deservingness” to a different, diffuse audience.

Direct-givers also widely understand — and accept — that some people seeking help misrepresent their circumstances, or use the funds for other purposes than they requested: “If someone wants to buy M