Phones are big. Arguably, too big to be used. It might be why you’re seeing some fruit-based companies releasing ‘Mini’

Only time will tell if Instagram’s users are pessimists or optimists. If it’s the former, it would seem another iteration of design might be necessary in the future if creating content proves too difficult.

Again, a pessimist might think this is so that more people find it easier to interact with Reels and Shopping, formats and sections which could be profitable for the company. An optimist might just say Instagram are moving two pieces of functionality they expect to be popular within touching distance.

Nonetheless, all these links do not provide evidence of causation as the current technology has not yet permitted the detection of virus particles in the living brain; only biopsies of brain sections can confirm this. In mice studies though, inoculate HSV-1 into the lip or nose caused those mice to develop AD [7,8]. Still, the dosage of viral inoculation is different from that in the less controlled, human environment.

For instance, “AD is 12 times greater for APOE4 carriers who have HSV1 in the brain than for those with neither factor,” writes Prof. Itzhaki [9]. Recent advances in modern bioinformatics have also delineated that herpesvirus — HSV-1, HSV-2, and HHV-6 — are capable of interacting with AD risk genes in brains of AD victims from three independent cohorts [10]. “The striking overlaps between the sets of genes that viruses perturb and AD risk genes… are too compelling to dismiss,” explains Benjamin Readhead, the lead author of this research and a translational bioinformatician in neurodegenerative disease [10].

In 1982, Melvyn J. Ball first postulated that HSV-1 might initiate or facilitate the development of AD [2], the most common form of dementia. Decades went by with accumulating research on the relationship between HSV-1 and AD. Finally, in recent years, the microbial aetiology in AD has gained reputable recognition, of which HSV-1 is one of the most widely studied with 130 publications from different laboratories supporting its contribution to AD [1].

In the following year, a longitudinal, large population study discovered that HSV carriage predicted future cognitive decline, especially in those with genetic risk factors for AD [5]. HSV subtype was undetermined therein, but the author assumed the mass should carry HSV-1, as HSV-2 is less prevalent and targets the genitals. More cohort studies are certainly out there, as summarized in [6].

In 2017, a symposium was held exploring the involvement of microbes in Alzheimer’s disease, the most prevalent form of neurodegenerative disease. One speaker was Ruth Itzhaki, professor emeritus from the Universities of Oxford and Manchester who gave a lecture titled “The role of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD)” [1].

The UX Collective donates US$1 for each article published in our platform. This story contributed to Bay Area Black Designers: a professional development community for Black people who are digital designers and researchers in the San Francisco Bay Area. By joining together in community, members share inspiration, connection, peer mentorship, professional development, resources, feedback, support, and resilience. Silence against systemic racism is not an option. Build the design community you believe in.

HSV-1 is highly infectious, residing in the nervous system of more than 60% of the world’s population, and is known for causing cold sores [3]. Of course, not 60% of humankind develops AD. Indeed, it is usual for viruses to “infect more people than they affect” [1]. Everything remains harmonious when HSV-1 remains latent (inactive) in the nervous system. However, stressors of many kinds can reawaken HSV-1, which then spread from neuron-to-neuron, causing deleterious effects along the way. These pathological neuronal alterations induced by HSV-1 are exactly those observed in cases of AD [1].

With the redesign of the home screen on Instagram, the core functionality of creating some content or checking your notifications have been moved into an area (as you can see above) which is hard to reach.

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in the past two months was concise — 45 minutes! — and direct. There was no opening act, it was simply all about the Mac. And the Mac proved worthy of that. Afterwards, I did something I haven’t done in quite some time: bought one of the new products immediately.

It’s estimated that anywhere between 49% and 75% of interactions on mobile are thumb-driven, and so the ability to reach core functions with your thumb seems fairly important for any application.

Mechanistic observations aside, convincing epidemiological evidence exists. For one, a 2018 nationwide study involving >33,000 Taiwanese found those diagnosed with HSV-1 infections (e.g., displaying cold sores) were associated with a 2.56-fold increased risk in developing dementia. Further, antiherpes medication lowered this risk by about 90% [4]. There is an on-going clinical trial evaluating the therapeutic potential of valacyclovir — an antiherpes agent — in preventing AD which should be completed sometime this year (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03282916).

So, those with a cold sore, especially recurrent cold sores, have an elevated risk of developing AD or other dementia? Maybe in mice but nobody can say for certain as the reactivated HSV-1 must spread to the brain for such a possibility to exist. How can we tell if HSV-1 had spread to or reactivated in the brain then? Again, not feasible with the current technology.

HSV-1 can be regarded as a risk factor for AD, which adds up with other risk factors, such as age, gene, poor lifestyle, education, and other microbial infections — C. pneumonia, spirochetes, to name a few [1]. Indeed, HSV-1 is not the only microbe being implicated in AD, as written in my other medium article. These risk factors, collectively, determine who develops AD and who did not.