Polygames is an open source research framework to train deep learning agents in strategy games through self-play. Polyga

Few countries have escaped the grasps of pandemic outbreaks, yet many have readily forgotten the realities of these health crises. The United States had the H1N1 pandemic in 2009, yet disbanded dedicated pandemic response teams in 2018. Conversely, African countries retained the health systems used for previous pandemics.

The United States has had a less than successful handling of the Covid-19 pandemic. From the government response to individual protests, the American response has abounded with politics and failures that have led to unfortunately high fatalities.

“[The African] system of health already is inclined more toward these communicable diseases as opposed to a lot of other countries,” explains Javed Ali, MD, the International Medical Corps director of emergency response, Africa region. He adds that aspects of surveillance, reporting, and data collection are ingrained in many aspects of primary health care in a way that is not necessarily as common in the United States.

“Much of the success was attributable to the public health infrastructure that had been put in place before now. The emergency coordination structures— from the national to the state and below—were already there,” explains Chizoba Wonodi, MD, MPH, DrPH, director of Nigeria programs at the Johns Hopkins’ International Vaccine Access Center.

While U.S. politicians differed widely on their opinions related to Covid-19 management, politicians in Africa struck a unified tone. African citizens got consistent messaging from the government and public health leadership.

For example, much of the contact tracing measures implemented in countries like Nigeria drew from the experience of contract tracing for the previous Ebola outbreak response and from the emergency operating centers used for polio, Wonodi says.

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), led by Director John Nkengasong, collaborated with government officials from the African Union countries to develop the Africa Joint Continental Strategy for Covid-19 Outbreak and the African Union Covid-19 Response Fund.

While the U.S. has floundered, other countries have succeeded. Many have praised the response from countries like New Zealand and Singapore, but other countries, particularly in Africa, have done well, too.

“Africa is well acquainted with risk communication because of Ebola. They were able to implement those risks and risk mitigation modalities in local languages, understandable to people,” Ali says.

From a programming model standpoint, Polygames provides a library of included games, as well as a single-file API to implement your own game. The developer experience is based on PyTorch and results relatively straightforward to get started.

For example, Africa’s most populous country, Nigeria, has over 200 million people and confirmed more than 66,000 Covid-19 cases and 1,160 fatalities as of November 2020. The United States, on the other hand, has 330 million people and confirmed more than 12.5 million Covid-19 cases and 260,000 deaths as of November 2020.

“Africa’s response demonstrated African unity,” says Daniel Fagbuyi, MD, Obama administration public health/biodefense appointee and an emergency physician. “They were very cohesive,” he adds. “Leaders were working together, collaborating, and communicating. They were able to orchestrate a better response than even some of the high-powered and wealthy Western countries, including the United States.”

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e have done smaller raises down the line, these startups have retained majority control of their own company and have since either been acquired, IPOed, or still going full steam ahead. This list will go through some of the startups that have managed to achieve this.

Ali adds that joint partnership also created the African Medical Supplies Platform which helped ensure that medical equipment, such as personal protective equipment (PPE), could equitably be distributed across countries in the region.

At first glance, Polygames seems similar to other game learning frameworks like Alpha Zero or ELF OpenGo but the FAIR stack brings its own set of contributions to the table. For starters, Polygames support a wider list of strategy games such as Hex, Havannah, Minishogi, Connect6, Minesweeper, Mastermind, EinStein würfelt nicht!, Nogo, and Othello which offer researcher a broader set of environments to test deep learning agents. Additionally, Polygames expands traditional zero-learning concepts with a clever architecture that combines deep neural networks and Monte Carlo Tree Search methods. This architecture allows agents to generalize to a larger number of tasks and environments. One of the unexpected benefits of the Polygames framework is the neuroplasticity created in the agents. Polygames’ models are incremental — the framework comes with a script for adding new layers and channels or increasing kernel width — they’re capable of warm start training, allowing the neural network to grow as it trains.