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$1,000 invested in dividend stocks with a 4% yield results in an extra $40 each year. If you keep this up for the entire year, you’ll end up making an extra $480 each year. This does not include dividend raises and reinvestments. Those two metrics can raise your total to an extra $500/yr on the conservative end.,In an object-oriented language like python real-world concepts are represented by classes. Instances of classes are usually called objects. Such objects have attributes which are used to store information about them and we can make objects do work by calling their methods. The objective of this article was to give you a clear notion of how useful O.O.P. is for a programmer as it allows us to model real world concepts.,Want to know which is a specific method’s function? Refer to the help function introduced previously. As built-in classes include a guide to help users understand the intuition behind each method or attribute, we could also do this on our own classes, methods, and functions. We can do that by adding a Docstring.,In Python, we use parentheses in the class declaration to show an inheritance relationship. In the transportation example above, I’ve used Python’s syntax to tell the computer that both the car and the train inherit from the MyTransports class. Because of this, they automatically have the same constructor, which sets the color and brand attributes.,An example that is closer to the tasks you would perform in an IT department would be a system that handles the employees at your company. You may have a class called employee, which could have the attributes for things like full name of the person, the username used in company systems, the groups the employee belongs to, and so on. The system could also have a manager class which also is an employee, but additional information associated with it, like the employees that report to a specific manager.,For example, how can we define a representation of “other means of transport” apart from the car that we already created, or other pets apart from my dog. This grouping characteristic allows us to create other classes that share some of the attributes of the existing classes, but not all of them, in order to add other similar instances without rewriting existing code.,Let’s take a closer look by creating a new class called Dog and defining our own methods. First, we need to define the class and create an instance of it like we’ve done before with the Car class. While my dog might be great, it can’t perform any actions as long as I don’t define methods for them. Take a look at the example:,Even though my dog barks, it will always do it in the same way. We can change how it will bark with a simple modification in the code, in order to gain flexibility in the attributes and methods that we configure to our classes:,Another important aspect of object-oriented programming is Inheritance. Just like people have parents, grandparents, and so on, objects have an ancestry. The principle of inheritance lets a programmer build relationships between concepts and group them together. In particular, this allows us to reduce code duplication by generalizing our code.,With the inheritance technique, we can use the transportation class to store information that applies to all kinds of transports available, and keep car or train specific attributes in their own classes. You can think of the MyTransports class as the parent class, and the Car and Train classes as siblings.,It contains the keyword self, which refers to the instance being created, and the arguments that will be passed as attributes by the programmer once the instance is created, like we do in the example below:,The second method of the class is the repr method, which tells Python to print a predetermined statement every time an instance of the class is called, as in the image above.,Once you include documentation to your classes and objects, you’ll get much more information about the methods created that will facilitate re-usability of the code and help other users to understand it. Remember that the docstring always has to be indented at the same level of the block it’s documenting.,As shown in the image, we must start defining a method with the def keyword just like we would for a function, and indent to the right the body of the method, also as we would for a function.,Both classes created up to this paragraph contain default values as attributes and methods. This is not an ideal scenario as it creates redundant code for each attribute, and more importantly, as it makes it really easy to forget to set an important value.