the cabbage family (family Brassicaceae, genus Brassica) whose large flowering head, stalk and small associated leaves are eaten as a vegetable

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) is an edible green plant in the cabbage family (family Brassicaceae, genus Brassica) whose large flowering head, stalk and small associated leaves are eaten as a vegetable. Broccoli is classified in the Italica cultivar group of the species Brassica oleracea. Broccoli has large flower heads, usually dark green in color, arranged in a tree-like structure branching out from a thick stalk which is usually light green. The mass of flower heads is surrounded by leaves. Broccoli resembles cauliflower, which is a different, but closely related cultivar group of the same Brassica species.

It is eaten either raw or cooked. Broccoli is a particularly rich source of vitamin C and vitamin K. Contents of its characteristic sulfur-containing glucosinolate compounds, isothiocyanates and sulforaphane, are diminished by boiling, but are better preserved by steaming, microwaving or stir-frying.[3]

Rapini, sometimes called "broccoli rabe," is a distinct species from broccoli, forming similar but smaller heads and is actually a type of turnip (Brassica rapa).
Etymology
The word broccoli comes from the Italian plural of broccolo, which means "the flowering crest of a cabbage", and is the diminutive form of brocco, meaning "small nail" or "sprout".[4]

History
Broccoli resulted from breeding of landrace Brassica crops in the northern Mediterranean starting in about the sixth century BCE.[5] Broccoli has its origins in primitive cultivars grown in the Roman Empire and was most likely improved via artificial selection in the Southern Italian Peninsula or Sicily.[6][7][8] Broccoli was spread to northern Europe by the 18th century and brought to North America in the 19th century by Italian immigrants.[7] Later breeding of European, North American, Asian F1 hybrids supported international production.[7]

Other cultivar groups of Brassica oleracea

Broccoli plants in a nursery

Close-ups of broccoli florets (click to enlarge)
Other cultivar groups of Brassica oleracea include cabbage (Capitata Group), cauliflower and Romanesco broccoli (Botrytis Group), kale (Acephala Group), collard (Viridis Group), kohlrabi (Gongylodes Group), Brussels sprouts (Gemmifera Group), and kai-lan (Alboglabra Group).[9] As these groups are the same species, they readily hybridize; for example, Broccolini or "Tenderstem broccoli" is a cross between broccoli and Kai-lan.[10] Broccoli cultivars form the genetic basis of the "tropical cauliflowers" commonly grown in South and Southeastern Asia, although they produce a more cauliflower-like head in warmer conditions.[11][7]

Varieties
There are three commonly grown types of broccoli.[7] The most familiar is Calabrese broccoli, often referred to simply as "broccoli", named after Calabria in Italy. It has large (10 to 20 cm) green heads and thick stalks. It is a cool-season annual crop. Sprouting broccoli (white or purple) has a larger number of heads with many thin stalks.[12] Purple cauliflower or Violet Cauliflower is a type of broccoli grown in Europe and North America. It has a head shaped like cauliflower, but consisting of many tiny flower buds. It sometimes, but not always, has a purple cast to the tips of the flower buds. Purple cauliflower may also be white, red, green, or other colors.[13]

Other popular cultivars include Belstar, Blue Wind, Coronado Crown, Destiny, DiCicco, Green Goliath, Green Magic, Purple Sprouting, Romanesco, Sun King and Waltham 29.[14][8]

Beneforté is a variety of broccoli containing 2–3 times more glucoraphanin and produced by crossing broccoli with a wild Brassica variety, Brassica oleracea var villosa.[15]

Production
In 2019, global production of broccoli (combined for production reports with cauliflowers) was 27 million tonnes, with China and India together accounting for 73% of the world total.[16] Secondary producers, each having about one million tonnes or less annually, were the United States, Spain, and Mexico.

In the United States, broccoli is grown year-round in California – which produced 92% of the crop nationally – with 95% of the total crop produced for fresh sales in 2018.[17]

Brocolli cannot be harvested using machines, indicating it is hand-harvested.[18]

Broccoli production — 2019
(includes cauliflower)
Country    Production
millions of tonnes
 China
10.6
 India
9.1
 United States
1.2
 Spain
0.7
 Mexico
0.7
World
26.9
Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations[16]
Cultivation
The majority of broccoli cultivars are cool-weather crops that do poorly in hot summer weather. Broccoli grows best when exposed to an average daily temperature between 18 and 23 °C (64 and 73 °F).[19][20] When the cluster of flowers, also referred to as a "head" of broccoli, appear in the center of the plant, the cluster is generally green. Garden pruners or shears are used to cut the head about an inch from the tip. Broccoli should be harvested before the flowers on the head bloom bright yellow.[21]

Pests
Mostly introduced by accident to North America, Australia and New Zealand, "cabbage worms", the larvae of Pieris rapae, also known as the "small white" butterfly, are a common pest in broccoli.[22]

Additional pests common to broccoli production include:[23]

Aphids
Cabbage Looper
Cabbage Webworm
Cross-Striped Cabbageworm
Diamondback Moth Caterpillars
Imported Cabbageworm
Cabbage Maggot
Harlequin Bug
Nutrition
Broccoli, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy    141 kJ (34 kcal)
Carbohydrates
6.64 g
Sugars    1.7 g
Dietary fiber    2.6 g
Fat
0.37 g
Protein
2.82 g
Vitamins    Quantity%DV†
Vitamin A equiv.
beta-Carotene
lutein zeaxanthin
4%31 μg
3%361 μg
1403 μg
Thiamine (B1)    6%0.071 mg
Riboflavin (B2)    10%0.117 mg
Niacin (B3)    4%0.639 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)    11%0.573 mg
Vitamin B6    13%0.175 mg
Folate (B9)    16%63 μg
Choline    4%19 mg
Vitamin C    107%89.2 mg
Vitamin E    5%0.78 mg
Vitamin K    97%101.6 μg
Minerals    Quantity%DV†
Calcium    5%47 mg
Iron    6%0.73 mg
Magnesium    6%21 mg
Manganese    10%0.21 mg
Phosphorus    9%66 mg
Potassium    7%316 mg
Sodium    2%33 mg
Zinc    4%0.41 mg
Other constituents    Quantity
Water    89.3 g
Link to USDA Database entry
Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units
†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA FoodData Central
A 100 gram reference serving of raw broccoli provides 34 calories and is a rich source (20% or higher of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin C (107% DV) and vitamin K (97% DV) (table). Raw broccoli also contains moderate amounts (10–19% DV) of several B vitamins and the dietary mineral manganese, whereas other micronutrients are low in content (less than 10% DV). Raw broccoli is 89% water, 7% carbohydrates, 3% protein, and contains negligible fat (table). Along with this, broccoli is also great for weight loss because it is rich in fiber.

Cooking
Boiling substantially reduces the levels of broccoli glucosinolates, while other cooking methods, such as steaming, microwaving, and stir frying, have no significant effect on glucosinolate levels.[3]

Taste
The perceived bitterness of cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli varies from person to person, but the functional underpinnings of this variation are not known. Some research reports that the gene TAS2R38 may be responsible for bitter taste perception in broccoli.[24] Other factors, such as isothiocyanates and polyphenols, are also likely involved in bitterness perception.[25] In some varieties the normally bitter tasting compounds are in less volatile forms.

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