The problem with object-oriented languages is they’ve got all this implicit environment that they carry around with them

Imagine you’re setting up a new program, and you’re thinking about designing a new class. Then you think back to a neat little class that you’ve created for another project, and you realize that it would be perfect for what you’re currently trying to do.

Note that this only covers the notion of encapsulation, that is, data and functions that sit inside an object are invisible to the outside. One can only interact with the contents of an object through messages, typically called getter and setter functions.

Once object-oriented programming hit the masses, it transformed the way developers see code. What prevailed before the 1980s, procedural programming, was very machine-oriented. Developers needed to know quite a bit about how computers work to write good code.

The main idea behind object-oriented programming is as simple as can be: you try to break a program in parts that are as powerful as the whole. It follows that you couple pieces of data and those functions that only get used on the data in question.

It’s worth mentioning that inheritance and polymorphism aren’t exclusive to object-oriented programming. The real differentiator is encapsulating pieces of data and the methods that belong to them. In a time where compute resources were a lot scarcer than today, this was a genius idea.

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ple have a weak posterior chain (hamstrings, glutes, and lower back). Activating these muscles right away can help prevent common ailments like low back pain, hamstring pulls, and bad posture — plus, it’ll help open up tight hip flexors from sitting all day.” — Lesley Bell, NASM-certified personal trainer

This sounds like a powerful machinery. The problem, however, is that programmers who only know object-oriented code will force this way of thinking on everything they do. It’s like when people see nails everywhere because all they have is a hammer. As we will see below, when your toolbox contains only a hammer, that can lead to fatal problems.

Despite the ingenuity of the idea, it would take until 1981 until object-oriented programming hit the mainstream. Since then, however, it hasn’t stopped attracting new and seasoned software developers alike. The market for object-oriented programmers is as busy as ever.

But in recent years, the decade-old paradigm has received more and more criticism. Could it be that, four decades after object-oriented programming hit the masses, technology is outgrowing this paradigm?

Polymorphism came to object-oriented programming another decade later. In basic terms, it means that a method or an object can serve as a template for others. In a sense it’s a generalization of inheritance, because not all properties of the original method or object need to be transmitted to the new entity; instead, you can choose to override properties.

By encapsulating data and methods, object-oriented programming made software development more human-centered. It matches human intuition that the method drive() belongs to the data group car, but not to the group teddybear.

Except for the fact that this class may actually be a subclass of another class, so now you need to include the parent class too. Then you realize that the parent class depends on other classes as well, and you end up including heaps of code.

When we want to understand key information from specific documents, we typically turn towards keyword extraction. Keyword extraction is the automated process of extracting the words and phrases that are most relevant to an input text.

What’s special about polymorphism is that even if two entities depend on each other in the source code, a called entity works more like a plugin. This makes life easier for developers because they don’t have to worry about dependencies at runtime.

What is not contained in the initial idea, but is considered essential to object-oriented programming today, are inheritance and polymorphism. Inheritance basically means that developers can define subclasses that have all the properties that their parent class has. This wasn’t introduced to object-oriented programming until 1976, a decade after its conception.