Using the get_buffer_aligned API gives you raw access to the buffer which avoids that last memory copy. If we use that n

No, we support each other through tough times and also have conversations about recent events like any team. We have just made a decision to not engage in broader activism as a company outside of our mission.

We recognize it’s a blurry line, and ask that employees use good judgment. Our goal is not to look for violations, but rather to support employees in adapting to these clarified expectations.

This is more than 7x better than the standard buffered approach. And better yet, the memory utilization was never higher than whatever we set as the read-ahead factor times the buffer size. In this example, 2.5MB.

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d product offering have evolved over the years, our branding had not evolved with them. We needed an identity that better reflected where we stand today, and where we’re going. And we needed a system that addressed two important, tactical needs:

Finally, I saw a few misconceptions pop up in public responses. And I know many of you have had friends and family read various articles and send them your way. I thought I would take a minute to address a few of them.

I also want to acknowledge that we could have done a better job bringing the Operating Group and managers along on this clarification of our culture so everyone was prepared before it went out to a wider group. Our practices will continue to evolve as we grow as a business, and we’ll work to do a better job on this in the future.

Direct I/O is 20% slower than buffered reads. While reading entirely from memory is still faster — which shouldn’t surprise anybody, that’s a far cry from the disaster one would expect. In fact, if we keep in mind that the buffered version is keeping 1.65GB of resident memory to achieve this whereas Direct I/O is only using 80kB (20 x 4kB buffers) this may even be preferable for a particular class of applications that may be better off employing that memory somewhere else.

Many of you are probably curious about the outcome. I wanted to share that about 5% of employees (60) have decided to take the exit package. There are a handful of other conversations still ongoing, so the final number will likely be a bit higher. For those of you who have decided to move on, I want to thank you for your contributions to Coinbase and we wish you the very best. And for those of you who are opting in to the next chapter, I want to thank you for your trust and commitment to this mission. I’m excited to build the future with all of you.

As any performance engineer would tell you, a good read benchmark needs to read data enough to hit the media. After all, “storage is slow”. So if we now read from the entire file, our buffered performance drops dramatically by 65%

The last step is to increase the buffer size. As this is a sequential scan there is no need for us to be constrained by 4kB buffer sizes, except for the sake of comparison with the OS page cache version.

Newer devices like the newest generation of the Intel Optane just seal the deal. There is no scenario in which standard buffered I/O is undisputedly better than Direct I/O.

For scans the performance of well-tailored Direct I/O-based APIs is simply far superior. And while Buffered I/O standard APIs performed 20% faster for random reads that fully fit in memory, that comes at the cost of 200x more memory utilization making the trade offs not a clear cut.

Scans are notoriously pernicious for the OS page cache. How do we fare with random I/O ? To test that we will read as much as we can in 20s, first restricting ourselves to the first 10% of the memory available (1.65GB)

I’ve heard a concern from some of you that this clarification would disproportionately impact our under-represented minority population at Coinbase. It was reassuring to see that people from under-represented groups at Coinbase have not taken the exit package in numbers disproportionate to the overall population. We’ll continue to keep a close eye on this to ensure we are building a diverse, inclusive environment where everyone feels they belong.

Modern NVMe devices change the nature of how to best perform I/O in stateful applications. This trend has been going on for a while but has been so far masked by the fact that the APIs, especially the higher level ones, haven’t evolved to match what has been happening in the device — and more recently Linux Kernel layers. With the right set of APIs, Direct I/O is the new black.