We’re social beings. That’s our nature. And the more social that we are, the more happiness, meaning, and fulfilment we’

Here we have our base class Shape and the other derived classes — Rectangle and Circle. Also, see how we use multiple levels of inheritance in the Square class which is derived from Rectangle which in turn is derived from Shape. Each of these classes has a function called area which is defined as per the shape. So the concept that a function with the same name can do multiple things is made possible through Polymorphism in Python. In fact, that is the literal meaning of Polymorphism: “Something that takes many forms”. So here our function area takes multiple forms.

I hope this has been useful for you to understand classes. There is still so much to classes that remain that I would cover in my next post on magic methods. Stay Tuned. Also, to summarize, in this post, we learned about OOP and creating classes along with the various fundamentals of OOP:

To end this post, I would be giving an exercise for you to implement as I think it might clear some concepts for you. Create a class that lets you manage 3d objects(sphere and cube) with volumes and surface areas. The basic boilerplate code is given below:

No, I’m not kidding. That’s what having a little buddy, a dog or a cat, does to a person — tons of research proves that. Want to be happier? Get a pet, not just a shrink. But the lesson is profound. We are alienated things, living in our shining towers of glass and steel, in our concrete cities and suburbs. We’re deeply unhappy as a civilization, and it shows in everything we do. In our addiction to anti-depressants — can you think of another species like that? — in our constant need for dumb, violent escapism, in our endless wars, in our susceptibility to superstition, in our need for the acquisition of shiny things to fill the gaping hole in our lives.

Thus, the instance type of the object mySquare is Square, Rectangleand Shape. And hence the object is polymorphic. This has a lot of good properties. For example, We can create a function that works with an Shape object, and it will totally work with any of the derived classes(Square, Circle, Rectangle etc.) by making use of Polymorphism.

So when we create the iPhone Class in the below way, you won’t be able to access your phone memory or the privatefunc using Tab in your ipython notebooks because the attribute is made private now using _.

We have a life-shaped hole in our lives, my friends, and it exists because we live in such a way that nature is not really part of it. Put nature into it — even in the way of a tiny pet — and our sense of happiness and meaning and fulfilment all skyrocket. That says, too, though, that our way of life needs to be redesigned.

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utral oil in a large skillet over high heat. When hot, add 1 tablespoon each minced garlic and fresh ginger and cook for 15 seconds; add 1 small shredded Napa cabbage and 8 ounces sliced mushrooms; cook, stirring, until soft and slightly brown, 5 minutes. Add 8 ounces shrimp and cook until pink, 3 to 5 minutes. Turn off the heat and stir soy sauce to taste. Garnish: scallions.

I am going to be writing more of such posts in the future too. Let me know what you think about the series. Follow me up at Medium or Subscribe to my blog to be informed about them. As always, I welcome feedback and constructive criticism and can be reached on Twitter @mlwhiz.

You would also be able to use the method _privatefunc using myphone._privatefunc(). If you want to avoid that you can use double underscores in front of the variable name. For example, below the call to print(myphone.__memory) throws an error. Also, you are not able to change the internal data of an object by using myphone.__memory = 1.

I am going to be writing more of such posts in the future too. Let me know what you think about the series. Follow me up at Medium or Subscribe to my blog to be informed about them. As always, I welcome feedback and constructive criticism and can be reached on Twitter @mlwhiz.

Why does our happiness and meaning and fulfilment go hand in hand with nature? And by nature, I don’t just mean “animals” or “woods.” I even mean a dancefloor. Something as simple as that.

Let’s go further still. How would our societies have to change? I often wonder why our cities are so…ugly. Recognising the earth as a person would mean what some call “rewilding” our cities. Letting animals and plants thrive, and learning to live beside them, making space for them, instead of simply concreting over them. Why is it that you have to travel to a zoo to “see” animals”? Why don’t they just get to live in parks, on every block?

“LOL,” you might say, “Umair! Grow up!! What’s the point of that?” I’m coming to that. How do you think that would affect us — being closer to a planet we recognised as a person, instead of walking apes living in isolation in concrete and steel bunkers?

Why do we see function names or attribute names starting with Single and Double Underscores? Sometimes we want to make our attributes and functions in classes private and not allow the user to see them. This is a part of Encapsulation where we want to “restrict the direct access to some of an object’s components”. For instance, let’s say, we don’t want to allow the user to see the memory(RAM) of our iPhone once it is created. In such cases, we create an attribute using underscores in variable names.