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Flipping the script: China school reforms spark Mongolian writing revival

In a classroom in Mongolia's capital, students pass over the Soviet-era Cyrillic alphabet they grew up with and turn their copybooks sideways to practice the traditional, vertical Mongolian script that dates back to the empire of Genghis Khan.

Teacher Batbileg Lkhagvabaatar leads the class, tracing lines of the flowing, dotted characters on a whiteboard and explaining grammar rules to the group of young men and women and a smattering of children.

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They are among a growing number inspired to learn the ancient letters after protests by their kinsfolk in China's Inner Mongolia region against reforms replacing Mongolian with Mandarin as the language of instruction in schools for core classes.

"I was very disappointed to hear what happened to the Inner Mongolians," said Togtokhjargal Battogtokh, 46, one of the students in the Ulaanbaatar classroom. "It hurt me too."

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"That's why I want to inspire other people to learn our script."

Critics of Beijing's language policy in Inner Mongolia -- home to an estimated 4.5 million ethnic Mongolians -- say it mirrors moves in other border areas like Xinjiang and Tibet to assimilate local minorities into the dominant Han culture.

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Across the border in Mongolia, whose economy is dependent on mineral exports to its giant southern neighbour, they have touched a nerve.

Javkhlan Samand -- Mongolia's most famous country singer -- named his most recent concert "Stay Mongolian", paying tribute to those protesting across the border in authoritarian China.

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And when Chinese foreign minister Wang Yi arrived on a visit in September, more than a hundred protesters wearing traditional Mongolian tunics gathered in Ulaanbaatar's main square.

"Let's protect the mother tongue," they shouted.

"Let's protect our blood brothers."

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- 'We must care for our language' -

Batbileg started teaching the script -- also known as Hudum -- for free in September after he saw coverage of the protests.

"We live in a fast-changing era of globalisation, where people have no time to sit and think about the issue of identity," he said.

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"But now I see from the students that they are thinking more about our national values... they want to promote the Mongolian script which has been used by our people for over a thousand years."

Mongolia's government adopted Cyrillic eight decades ago when it was ruled by a Soviet-dominated regime, but now it is also backing the revival of the archaic script that had been left as the preserve of the elderly or language specialists.

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The state broadcaster now includes captions in both scripts and the government has said all official announcements will be written in both Cyrillic and Hudum from 2025.

Even the country's president -- and former sambo wrestling champion -- Battulga Khaltmaa has launched his own Hudum lessons on television to encourage citizens to take up the traditional writing.

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Mongolians in Mongolia had become "careless about our traditional language", said Zayabaatar Dalai, head of Mongol Studies at the Mongolian National University.

"Inner Mongolians made us understand how our native language and script is priceless... we must care for our language."

But there are challenges ahead, as much of the script uses archaic language which is not familiar to modern Mongolians, and there have also been grammar changes ushered in by the use of Cyrillic alphabet.

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There is no gender in the Hudum script -- in contrast to Cyrillic grammar -- and in Hudum, words and prepositions are written separately, where Cyrillic merges them together.

School students are currently only required to study the Mongol script for one year, though under the new government plan, textbooks for subjects such as history and literature must also be converted into the traditional script.

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- Into the digital era -

The fresh wave of popularity is also giving Hudum a modern facelift, with activists hoping to make it easier to use on computers and social media -- and to help connect ethnic Mongolians spread out across Russia, China and Mongolia.

Mongolian tech developers are working to incorporate the vertical script into new apps, language translators and social media platforms.

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Ulaanbaatar-based software company Bolorsoft LLC told AFP it is creating a programme to turn audio speech files into Mongolian script.

Another programmer, Ulzii-Orshikh Dashkhuu, said he is creating a social media open platform similar to Facebook, where users can learn and download the vertical script.

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"Today we communicate with each other in the digital domain," he told AFP.

"If we can transfer our vertical writing into digital platforms, we will preserve our traditional language for the next generation."

Australia and India renew their fierce rivalry in a four-Test series that begins with a day-night game in Adelaide on Thursday.

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India won a Test series for the first time Down Under when the sides clashed two years ago and Australia are determined to regain the Border-Gavaskar Trophy.

Here are five things to watch out for in the highly anticipated series:

- Kohli's lone shot -

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India captain Virat Kohli will be desperate to make a winning contribution in his only chance of a Test victory against Australia this series -- he has decided to return home after Adelaide to be with his Bollywood actress wife, Anushka Sharma, who is expecting their first child.

After India lost 2-1 in the recent one-dayers, Kohli showed his importance to the side during the Twenty20 series victory. And pundits, including Indian batting great Sachin Tendulkar, believe his departure will leave a "void" in the batting line-up.

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But other India veterans have suggested Kohli's absence could enable a new star to emerge in the side, which will be led by vice-captain Ajinkya Rahane once Kohli leaves.

- Smith returns -

Steve Smith is playing down calls for him to become Australia's captain again, insisting he is just "excited" to feature in the Border-Gavaskar Trophy clashes after missing out two years ago.

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The prolific 31-year-old batsman was left powerless on the sidelines as India won their first series in Australia in 2018-19 while he and David Warner served out bans for ball-tampering.

Smith, who amassed 774 runs, including three centuries as Australia retained the Ashes in England last year, said "I will do what is best for the team" despite former players such as Adam Gilchrist calling for him to step up for a second crack at the captaincy.

- Hard day's night -

Australia start as overwhelming favourites in the opening Test having never been beaten in their seven day-night matches to date, while Virat Kohli's India play their first overseas game under lights after their maiden pink-ball outing in Kolkata last year against Bangladesh.

India long resisted twilight encounters, but Tendulkar told AFP he believed their players would be ready having played warm-up games and had intensive net sessions with the pink ball this week.

"They would have studied how the Adelaide pitch plays during day-night Test match and what is the time to accelerate and go for runs," he said, adding the first daylight session each day could be the time for batsmen to cash in.

- Pitch battles -

India's fast-bowling attack, led by Mohammed Shami and Jasprit Bumrah, are ready to fight fire with fire in Australia's own den.

The pacey pair shared five wickets as they bundled out Australia A for 108 and signalled their intent to enjoy bowling on wickets Down Under that are renowned for providing extra pace and bounce.

Australia's three-pronged attack of Mitchell Starc, Pat Cummins and Josh Hazlewood "can surpass any era" of quicks, according to former paceman Brett Lee, but India coach Anil Kumble countered that his attack was their equal. "We probably match our fast bowling to their fast bowling," he said.

- Send in the crowds -

Australia and New Zealand have been the first countries to welcome back spectators to cricket since the pandemic -- the Adelaide Oval will be half full for the first Test while 30,000 should be allowed into the Melbourne Cricket Ground for Boxing Day.

Indian cricket chief Sourav Ganguly tweeted a picture of a full house as New Zealand played a Test last week against the West Indies at Basin Reserve, Wellington, writing "the game needs this".

But players, with a lucrative series on the line, will be wary of sticking to coronavirus prevention protocols after other tours were disrupted this month.

Pakistan were banned from training under quarantine in New Zealand after eight players tested positive. England abandoned their tour of South Africa after Covid-19 cases in both camps, though the England players later returned negative tests. 

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