Franco: Melilla enclave removes last statue of fascist dictator on Spanish soil

The last statue of General Francisco Franco on Spanish soil has been removed, after the tiny enclave of Melilla voted to take down its monument to the fascist dictator.

Workers destroyed the brink plinth and carried away the statue, which had stood at the gates of the city on the north-west coast of Africa.

Only the far-right Vox party in Melilla had voted against its removal.

General Franco ruled Spain from 1939 until his death in 1975.

More than 30,000 people were killed in the 1936-39 Spanish Civil War, which saw Franco's Nationalist forces defeat the Republican government.

He then presided over a regime of state terror and national brainwashing through the controlled media and the state education system.

It was not until 2007 that a Law of Historical Memory was passed that attempted to recognise the suffering of victims of Francoism.

Under that law, symbols of the dictatorship have slowly been removed, including other high-profile statues around Spain.

Spain feels Franco's legacy 40 years after his death
Elena Fernandez Trevino, of the Melilla assembly, described the removal of the enclave's Franco statue as an "historic day".

She said it was the "only statue dedicated to a dictator still in the public sphere in Europe".

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Members of the Vox party had argued against its removal, saying that the statue - erected in 1978 - commemorated Franco's role as commander of the Spanish Legion in the Rif War, a conflict Spain fought in the 1920s against Berber tribes in Morocco.

Franco was buried in a vast mausoleum called the Valley of the Fallen, just outside Madrid, alongside tens of thousands of people who lost their lives in the civil war.

It was partly built by political prisoners, whom Franco's regime subjected to forced labour, and had become a shrine for the far right.

In 2019, his remains were moved to a low-key grave. Deputy Prime Minister Carmen Calvo said: "The more than 30,000 victims of both sides will have peace and respect from all there."

Who was Francisco Franco?

Became the youngest general in Spain in 1926, aged 33
After the election of the leftist Popular Front in 1936, Franco and other generals launched a revolt, sparking a three-year civil war
Helped by Nazi Germany and Mussolini's Italy, Franco won the civil war in 1939 and established a dictatorship, proclaiming himself head of state - "El Caudillo"
Franco kept a tight grip on power until his death in 1975, after which Spain became a democracy

Spain's Gen Francisco Franco fought a brutal war against democracy with the aid of Hitler and Mussolini and thereafter presided over a regime of state terror and national brainwashing through the controlled media and the state education system.

His investment in terror imbued the collective Spanish psyche with a determination never again to undergo such civil conflict or to suffer another dictatorship.

That remains the case to this day, exactly 40 years after his death.

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However, unlike Hitler's Germany or Mussolini's Italy, where external defeat led to denazification processes, there was no equivalent in Spain - and the shadow of his regime still bedevils politics.

Franco's vengeful triumphalism had been fostered in the military academies, where officer cadets were trained to regard democracy as signifying disorder and regional separatism.
As the dictatorship was rapidly dismantled, some of its senior military defenders did not share the massive political consensus in favour of democratisation and so endeavoured to turn back the clock at several moments in the late 1970s and, most dramatically, in the attempted coup of Colonel Antonio Tejero on 23 February 1981.

General Franco, known as El Caudillo (Leader), died on 20 November 1975
In his last message to the nation the dictator said: "I ask pardon of all my enemies, as I pardon with all my heart all those who declared themselves my enemy, although I did not consider them to be so"
Prince Juan Carlos was sworn in as King of Spain on 22 November 1975

After the defeat of the coup in 1981, the attitudes of the armed forces were changed by Spain's entry into Nato in 1982, which shifted their focus outwards from their previous obsession with the internal enemy.

Scarred by the horrors of the civil war and the post-war repression, during the transition to democracy Spaniards rejected both political violence and Franco's idea that, by right of conquest, one half of the country could rule over the other.

However, what was impossible in a democracy was a counter-brainwashing.

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Residual support
Moreover, especially in his later years, Franco did not rule by repression alone: he enjoyed a considerable popular support. There were those who, for reasons of wealth, religious belief or ideological commitment, actively sympathised with his military rebels during the civil war.

Then, from the late 1950s onwards, there was the support of those who were simply grateful for rising living standards.

Although in the many national, regional and municipal elections that have been held in Spain since 1977, openly Francoist parties have never gained more than 2% of the vote, a residual acceptance of the values of the Franco dictatorship can be found in the ruling conservative Popular Party and its electorate.

Accordingly, no government has ever declared the Franco regime to be illegitimate. It was not until 2007 that the Law of Historical Memory made tentative efforts to recognise the sufferings of the victims of Francoism.

Equally slow has been the process of removing the symbols of the dictatorship, the Falangist equivalent of the swastika - its emblem of the yoke and arrows - on church walls, street names commemorating Franco's generals and, above all, the huge basilica and towering cross of the Valley of the Fallen where the dictator is buried.

Franco's rule
1936: After coup, right-wing military leaders capture part of Spain leading to three-year civil war
1939: Gen Franco leads Nationalists to power, remains neutral in World War Two
First decade of rule sees continued oppression and killing of political opponents
20 November 1975: Franco dies; Franco-era crimes pardoned in 1977 under amnesty law
2007: Historical Memory law passed on removing symbols of Franco's rule
2008: Judge Baltasar Garzon investigates disappearance of tens of thousands of people during Franco era
Call for removal of Franco's remains from Valley of Fallen

UN presses Spain over Franco-era crimes and mass graves

Fate of Franco's Valley of Fallen reopens Spain wounds

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Today, along with the still open wounds of the civil war and the repression, two other shadows of the dictatorship hang over Spain - corruption and regional division. The Caudillo's rigid centralism and its brutal appli