Having said that, I think it’s important for us to realize how cities for people bring so many advantages to our quality

On YouTube, I watched a Mac user who had bought an iMac last year. It was maxed out with 40 GB of RAM costing him about $4,000. He watched in disbelief how his hyperexpensive iMac was being demolished by his new M1 Mac Mini, which he had paid a measly $700 for.

Basically, the M1 is one whole computer onto a chip. The M1 contains a CPU, graphical processing unit (GPU), memory, input and output controllers, and many more things making up a whole computer. This is what we call a system on a chip (SoC).

Example of a computer motherboard. Memory, CPU, graphics cards, IO controllers, network cards, and many other components can be attached to the motherboard to communicate with each other.

The concept of registers is old. For example, on this old mechanical calculator, the register is what holds the numbers you are adding. Likely the origin of the term cash register. The register is where you registered input numbers.

To get the most out of this story I advise reading my earlier piece: “What Does RISC and CISC mean in 2020?” There I explain what a microprocessor (CPU) is as well as various important concepts such as:

An old mechanical calculator with two registers: the accumulator and input register. Modern CPUs typically have more than a dozen registers, and they are electronic rather than mechanical.

If you are one of those people, you have come to the right place. Here I plan to break it down into digestible pieces exactly what it is that Apple has done with the M1. Specifically the questions I think a lot of people have are:

Normally when speaking of chips from Intel and AMD we talk about central processing units (CPUs) or microprocessors. As you can read more about in my RISC vs. CISC story, these pull in instructions from memory. Then each instruction is typically carried out in sequence.

Today if you buy a chip — whether from Intel or AMD — you actually get what amounts to multiple microprocessors in one package. In the past computers would have multiple physically separate chips on the motherboard of the computer.

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ugh the dating apps, you don’t know what a suitable prospect for you looks like. You respond to everyone’s messages, and when you come across someone who you think is more desirable than you based on superficial factors, you feel insecure and anxious while disregarding everything good about yourself.

A very basic RISC CPU, not the M1. Instructions are moved from memory along blue arrows into the instruction register. There a decoder figures out what the instruction is and enables different parts of the CPU through the red control lines. The ALU adds and subtracts numbers placed in the registers.

In real-world test after test, the M1 Macs are not merely inching past top-of-the-line Intel Macs, they are destroying them. In disbelief, people have started asking how on earth this is possible?

A CPU at its most basic level is a device with a number of named memory cells called registers and a number of computational units called arithmetic logic units (ALU). The ALUs perform things like addition, subtraction, and other basic math operations. However, these are only connected to the CPU registers. If you want to add up two numbers, you have to get those two numbers from memory and into two registers in the CPU.

Sure you could try to Google this, but if you try to learn what Apple has done beyond the superficial explanations, you will quickly get buried in highly technical jargon such as M1 using very wide instruction decoders, enormous reorder buffer (ROB), etc. Unless you are a CPU hardware geek, a lot of this will simply be gobbledygook.

Here r1 and r2 are the registers I talked about. Modern RISC CPUs cannot do operations on numbers that are not in a register like this. For example, it cannot add two numbers residing in RAM in two different locations. Instead, it has to pull these two numbers into a separate register. That is what we do in this simple example. We pull in the number at memory location 150 in the RAM and put it into register r1 in the CPU. Next, we put the contents of address 200 into register r2. Only then can the numbers be added with the add r1, r2 instruction.