The data we’ll look at comes from a Kaggle dataset about movies on streaming platforms. This dataset contains data on wh

In 2018, researchers Billy Rios and Jonathan Butts from cybersecurity firm Whitescope demonstrated that they could hack into both cardiac devices and insulin pumps built by Medtronic, with potentially deadly results: They could shock a patient’s heart into cardiac arrest or administer a lethal amount of insulin. They told Wired that the devices lacked basic security functions: Medtronic’s MiniMed line of insulin pumps used radio frequencies that were easy to figure out, and there was no encryption on communications between the pumps and their remote controls. Rios and Butts also discovered that the company’s pacemakers didn’t use code signing, a standard security function that authenticates the legitimacy of things like software updates.

Bill Aerts, Medtronic’s former director of product security until 2016, is now the executive director at the Archimedes Center for Healthcare and Device Security at the University of Michigan, which was founded by the researcher who, in 2008, co-authored the first major paper on cardiac device security. “Like anything else,” Aerts told me, the level of security built into such devices “was a matter of demand and costs.” He went on to say, “It took a while to educate the engineering community about these risks… Then the boss says, ‘No, that’s going to cost too much to add that extra functionality [security features].’ And so that took a while to get people to believe that, yes, it’s worth investing in.”

Have you heard the one about Dick Cheney? Talk to a cardiac device patient long enough and they’re bound to bring it up. The former vice president first got an ICD in 2001. In 2007, as the battery ran down, he needed to have it replaced. At the time, Cheney was a candidate to be one of the first patients to wear an ICD with wireless monitoring. But there was a problem: national security. Even before independent hackers raised the alarm, his doctors were worried that a potential terrorist could gain access and trigger the ICD to shock him to death. Cheney and his doctor decided to disable the wireless function before implantation, which required a custom adjustment from Medtronic.

Using the Pandas correlation method we can see correlations for all numerical columns in the DataFrame. Since this is a method, all we have to do is call it on the DataFrame. The return value will be a new DataFrame showing each correlation.

Hulu Prime Video Disney Runtime ID -0.219737 0.554120 0.287011 -0.206003 Year 0.098009 -0.253377 -0.046819 0.081984 IMDb 0.042191 -0.163447 0.075895 0.088987 Rotten Tomatoes 0.020373 -0.049916 -0.011805 0.003791 Netflix -0.107911 -0.757215 -0.088927 0.099526 Hulu 1.000000 -0.255641 -0.034317 0.033985 Prime Video -0.255641 1.000000 -0.298900 -0.067378 Disney -0.034317 -0.298900 1.000000 -0.019976 Runtime 0.033985 -0.067378 -0.019976 1.000000

But many related FDA warnings have warned that hackers could, in fact, assume control and reprogram a patient’s device. Researchers and white hat hackers have demonstrated that the connections from the device to the router and from the router to the data portal are exploitable. Hackers have made headlines over the past decade-plus by exposing vulnerabilities in pacemakers and ICDs from every major developer, including St. Jude’s (now Abbott), Medtronic, and Boston Scientific.

Manufacturers like Medtronic often advise that patients keep their monitors turned on and connected so this sort of patch or upgrade can be delivered. But patches, often quietly sent to the devices, can leave patients in the dark: There is no streamlined process to let patients know when a vulnerability has been identified in their specific device or when a patch might be on its way. And researchers have argued that retroactive patches are no replacement for baked-in security. “The main concern is if vendors continuously rely on reactively resorting to pushing patches instead of securing their devices by design,” Fotis Chantzis, a security engineer who used to hack medical devices for a major health care institution and the lead author of Practical IoT Hacking: The Definitive Guide to Attacking the Internet of Things, told OneZero. “Usually these patches fix a particular vulnerability,” he continued, “but keep in mind that there is also this view of the security community that every bug can potentially be exploited given the right circumstances.”

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a project you want to work on, you must find the best time to achieve the combination of the most energy and the least interruptions. For most people that means waking up earlier in the morning. Some are night owls. You know yourself. Think in terms of energy management, not time management.

The more job descriptions I read, the more it seems that companies want a designer who is also a researcher, copywriter, developer, and project manager all in one. While I highly advise against these roles (this topic could be a whole article of my ranting), when you have multiple skill sets, you are more marketable. Just avoid becoming a jack of all trades, master of none.

But as remote monitoring has become more widespread, concerns about the cybersecurity of the practice have only grown. Since 2011, the FDA has issued at least 11 warnings and many recalls on pacemakers and ICDs over concerns relating to cybersecurity and safety. This includes the 2017 notice for St. Jude devices that I found just before my surgery. The security defect affected at least a half-million patients and was ultimately resolved by a software patch sent directly to their remote monitors.

The company took more than a year and a half to respond to the security concerns flagged by Rios and Butts and was apparently reluctant to offer solutions. “They are more interested in protecting their brand than their patients,” Rios told CNBC at the time. In an article from CBS News, Butts put it bluntly: “We’ve yet to find a device that we’ve looked at that we haven’t been able to hack.”

*the corr() method has a parameter that allows you to choose which method to find the correlation coefficient. The Pearson method is the default, but you can also choose the Kendall or Spearman method.

There are two kinds of connections involved in remote monitoring: the connection from the patient’s implanted device to the router, which is often Bluetooth, and the connection from the router back to the data portal seen by the physician, which can use anything from a home Wi-Fi network to a hardline Ethernet cable or a phone line. Manufacturers insist that these channels have now been made secure.

Device companies and doctors are often quick to insist that the cybersecurity concern is overblown. For years, they’ve maintained that while the routers can communicate with and gather data from patient devices, they can’t actually control the devices or deliver reprogramming directives. Dr. Rob Kowal, chief medical officer for cardiac rhythm and heart failure at Medtronic, told OneZero, “[Remote programming is] not possible,” at least with his company’s current home routers.

ID Year IMDb Rotten Tomatoes Netflix ID 1.000000 -0.254391 -0.399953 -0.201452 -0.708680 Year -0.254391 1.000000 -0.021181 -0.057137 0.258533 IMDb -0.399953 -0.021181 1.000000 0.616320 0.135105 Rotten Tomatoes -0.201452 -0.057137 0.616320 1.000000 0.017842 Netflix -0.708680 0.258533 0.135105 0.017842 1.000000 Hulu -0.219737 0.098009 0.042191 0.020373 -0.107911 Prime Video 0.554120 -0.253377 -0.163447 -0.049916 -0.757215 Disney 0.287011 -0.046819 0.075895 -0.011805 -0.088927 Runtime -0.206003 0.081984 0.088987 0.003791 0.099526